Background: Empathy and emotional expression, as important psychological elements, significantly impact couples’ marital satisfaction. Premarital counseling models are designed to increase positive couples’ communication behaviors and emotional style. Accordingly, this study compared the effects of marriage preparation based on Satir’ s communication model and narrative therapy on empathy and emotional expression in single young adults. Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test and a control group design. The research population included all girls and boys on the age of marriage who were referred to Vesta Counseling Clinic in Kashan City, Iran, from March 20th, to September 22nd, 2019. The study participants were 45 individuals who were selected by convenience sampling method. Then, they were randomly assigned to three groups (narrative therapy intervention, Satir intervention, and controls) of 15 clients. The research participants in the two intervention groups attended 11 sessions of narrative therapy and Satir communication therapy; however, the controls received no intervention. The data collection instruments were the Emotion Expression Scale (EES), and the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (QMEE). The research hypotheses were tested using the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) by SPSS. Results: The present study results suggested that narrative therapy (F=53. 97, P=0. 0001) was more effective than Satir’ s communication model (F=33. 82, P=0. 0001) in terms of emotional expression. Both intervention groups obtained higher mean scores on emotional expression, compared to the controls (F=29. 005, P=0. 0001). Besides, the narrative therapy group gained a higher Post-test mean score for empathy (F=101. 12, P=0. 0001), compared to the Satir group (F=84. 93, P=0. 0001). Besides, both interventions were more effective in the test groups, compared to the controls (F=68. 27, P=0. 0001). Conclusion: Narrative therapy was more effective for improving emotional expression and empathy, compared to Satir’ s communication model. Family and marriage counselors are recommended to apply these premarital models for young single adults in counseling centers.

Introduction: Today, due to the use of the Internet and in-person counseling, the nature of medical communication has changed dramatically. In the future, new conditions will govern the relationship. To overcome these conditions, it will be necessary to review and study the relationship, variables and factors affecting it and the role it plays in adherence therapy. Method: Most of the available resources using appropriate keywords are given in this review article. Most of the sources were in English and some in Persian. Results: Effective patient-physician communication has therapeutic value. Increases patients&#x2019,satisfaction and leads them to more therapeutic adherence. Physicians&#x2019,relationship with patients, in addition to their scientific competence, is influenced by their communication model and style, gender, age, having or not having specialization, working hours and work environment, communication skills, empathy, good image and quiet presence. Patient&#x2019, s satisfaction, a sense of self-confidence due to the high trust that patients receive from physicians, and a sense of confidence in their physician are other factors mentioned in increasing adherence to treatment. Counclusion: Physicians can not change traits such as their gender, but they can change communication styles and behaviors that affect patient compliance because of the importance of follow-up therapy. Addressing the behavior of physicians and changing it to create adherence to treatment is a requirement of the medical system and health services.

Objective: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of amyloid beta in the hippocampus. In recent decades, herbal medicine has been widely used to treat many neurodegenerative disorders, as in comparison to conventional drugs, herbal remedies exert minimal side effects. Here, the effects of thymoquinone, as the main active component of Nigella sativa, on passive avoidance memory in rat model of Alzheimer’ s disease, were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Hippocampal injection of amyloid beta (Aβ ) was used to induce Alzheimer’ s disease in male Wistar rats, followed by intra peritoneal administrations of 5 and 10 mg/kg thymoquinone on a daily basis for 4 weeks. Animals were subjected to fear learning behavior in passive avoidance test and histopathological analysis of the hippocampus was done. Shuttle box test was used to evaluate the condition studying memory. Thioflavin-S and Hematoxylin and Eosine staining were done to confirm Aβ plaque formation and to evaluate the effect of thymoquinone on the pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. Results: Amyloid beta caused cognitive dysfunction reflected by increasing initial and step-through latency along with plaque formation and degeneration of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. Thymoquinone administration ameliorated this effect by significant reductions in plaque formation in CA1 region of the hippocampus and increased latency time. It also increased the number of surviving neurons in the hippocampus. Conclusion: It seems that thymoquinone improved learning function in a rat model of Alzheimer’ s disease. Thus, thymoquinone could be possibly used as an anti-neurodegenerative agent for protecting hippocampal neurons against neurotoxic effects of Aβ in patients with Alzheimer’ s disease.

Objective: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of amyloid beta in the hippocampus. In recent decades, herbal medicine has been widely used to treat many neurodegenerative disorders, as in comparison to conventional drugs, herbal remedies exert minimal side effects. Here, the effects of thymoquinone, as the main active component of Nigella sativa, on passive avoidance memory in rat model of Alzheimer’ s disease, were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Hippocampal injection of amyloid beta (Aβ ) was used to induce Alzheimer’ s disease in male Wistar rats, followed by intra peritoneal administrations of 5 and 10 mg/kg thymoquinone on a daily basis for 4 weeks. Animals were subjected to fear learning behavior in passive avoidance test and histopathological analysis of the hippocampus was done. Shuttle box test was used to evaluate the condition studying memory. Thioflavin-S and Hematoxylin and Eosine staining were done to confirm Aβ plaque formation and to evaluate the effect of thymoquinone on the pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. Results: Amyloid beta caused cognitive dysfunction reflected by increasing initial and step-through latency along with plaque formation and degeneration of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. Thymoquinone administration ameliorated this effect by significant reductions in plaque formation in CA1 region of the hippocampus and increased latency time. It also increased the number of surviving neurons in the hippocampus. Conclusion: It seems that thymoquinone improved learning function in a rat model of Alzheimer’ s disease. Thus, thymoquinone could be possibly used as an anti-neurodegenerative agent for protecting hippocampal neurons against neurotoxic effects of Aβ in patients with Alzheimer’ s disease.